Macro photography is extreme close-up photography of very small subjects.
"Macro" lenses specifically designed for close-up work, with a long barrel for close focusing and optimized for high reproduction ratios, are one of the most common tools for macro photography. Unlike most other lens makers, Nikon designates its macro lenses as "Micro" because of their original use in making microform. Most modern macro lenses can focus continuously to infinity as well and can provide excellent optical quality for normal photography. True macro lenses, such as the Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 or Minolta AF 3x-1x 1.7-2.8 Macro, can achieve higher magnification than life size, enabling photography of the structure of small insect eyes, snowflakes, and other minuscule objects. Others, such as the Infinity Photo-Optical's TS-160 can achieve magnifications from 0-18x on sensor, focusing from infinity down to 18 mm from the object.
Macro lenses of different focal lengths find different uses:
Continuously-variable focal length – suitable for virtually all macro subjects
45–65 mm – product photography, small objects that can be approached closely without causing undesirable influence, and scenes requiring natural background perspective
90–105 mm – insects, flowers, and small objects from a comfortable distance
150–200 mm – insects and other small animals where additional working distance is required.
Human Eye
Agatized dinosaur bone cells, unpolished, ca. 150 million years old (42X)
Leucite crystal from volcanic rock, polysynthetic lamellar twins formed by the cubic- tetrago (40X)
Tip of a Butterfly tongue (720X)
Daphnia magna (freshwater water flea) (100X)
Bee abdomen with pollen granules (150X)
Water droplet containing a pair of mosquito larvae (5X)
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